Internal pressure in the line generates wall tension in the line as it would do in a sealed cylinder.Scaling is done either by the stress loading factors, or will be done automatically if homogeneous pipe additional bending stiffness is in use.
The loads (tension, bend moment, shear and torque) which are used in stress calculations are scaled before being used.The stresses included are those due to tension, bending, shear and hoop stress.At each point along the line all the loads are taken by a single simple cylinder of the specified stress OD and stress ID and made of a homogeneous material.The stress calculations make the following assumptions (for terminology see the pipe stress calculation topic): Stress and strain results are available at mid-segment points and at line ends.
